Where do most people work from home?

It has been one month since San Francisco where I live declared Shelter in Place. My family has had to adapt to the reality of working from home without child care. It hasn't been easy but it hasn't been too bad, either. Most of my work is on a computer. One of my friends who lives in Ohio has it harder. He owns a manufacturing facility and today on Facebook I saw he has moved some production to his garage at home. Clearly, it is easier for some people to work from home than others. We all benefit from reducing the spread of the virus, but the burden is not born equally across places and occupations.

The American Community Survey asks respondent how they usually get to work. In this post I examine these data, to suggest which metro areas are hardest hit by shelter-in-place orders. I also present statistics on which occupations are most likely to work from home.



A recent blog post by Alex Tabarrok titled "When will the riots begin" got me thinking about how to document how the economic effect of shelter-in-place differs across areas. Tabarrok writes, "The church is closed, the bar is closed, the local plant is closed. Money is tight. Meanwhile the elites are laughing about binging Tiger King on Netflix."

My initial conclusions are, technology hubs and areas where a lot of people are like me and work on their computers are at the top. At the bottom of the list are people like where my Facebook friend lives, in places engaged in manufacturing and related industries. In my examination of which occupations work from home, jobs like writers (#1) are at the top of the list, while Boilermakers (#436) is at the bottom. Working on a computer doesn't explain everything. Farmers are #6.

The "work from home" variable doesn't correspond perfectly to ease of sheltering in place. For example, Massage Therapists, number 90 on the list, can't really shelter in place (though they may be considered essential and are thus somewhat exempt.) Still I think it's a reasonable measure. In fact, these figures could predict which areas and sectors of the economy will be hardest hit in recession we are likely to face.

This analysis relies on 2017 American Community Survey data obtained from IPUMS-USA. (For students and resarchers following along at home, I use data on three variables: TRANWORK, OCC2010 and MET2013.)


First I paste some statistics on "mode of transportation to work":

Table: Percent commuting by various models, 2017 American Community Survey
Code	Label	Count	Percent
10	Auto, truck, or van	1,245,188	85.4
20	Motorcycle	2,574	0.2
31	Bus or trolley bus	29,880	2.0
32	Streetcar or trolley car (publico in Puerto Rico, 2000)	782	0.1
33	Subway or elevated	25,445	1.7
34	Railroad	8,992	0.6
35	Taxicab	2,411	0.2
36	Ferryboat (launch in Puerto Rico)	642	0.0
40	Bicycle	8,039	0.6
50	Walked only	41,768	2.9
60	Other	12,291	0.8
70	Worked at home	80,759	5.5
		1,458,771	100.0

Here we see that 5.5% of workers for whom we have mode of travel data worked from home in 2017. By far, most people (85.4%) take private transportation to work, in the form of "auto, truck or van".

(For those interested, you can find these counts yourself by selecting "Case-count view" from the link above. I used MS Excel to add the percent column, and sum.)

 Next I present data on 260 metro areas, by the fraction who worked from home, ranked by highest to lowest. As I mentioned, technology hubs are at the top and at the bottom of the list are places where more people are engaged in manufacturing and related industries. The San Francisco Bay Area (comprised of the "San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA" and "San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA" metro areas) was the first area in the country to institute shelter in place restrictions. The figures in the table below suggest that one of the reasons may have been that it is less costly to the population living there, than in areas that were slower to roll out these orders.

Table: Metropolitan areas by percent working from home
Rank	Metro area	Percent WFH
1	Ithaca, NY	13.3
2	Bend-Redmond, OR	12.8
3	Hanford-Corcoran, CA	12.1
4	Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL	10.3
5	Asheville, NC	9.5
6	Austin-Round Rock, TX	9.3
7	Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC	9.2
8	Santa Rosa, CA	9.2
9	Raleigh, NC	9.1
10	Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO	9.1
11	Medford, OR	9.0
12	North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL	8.9
13	Portland-South Portland, ME	8.8
14	Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA	8.8
15	Fort Collins, CO	8.6
16	Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL	8.1
17	Eugene, OR	8.0
18	Prescott, AZ	8.0
19	Wilmington, NC	7.9
20	Punta Gorda, FL	7.9
21	Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL	7.8
22	Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA	7.7
23	Coeur d'Alene, ID	7.6
24	Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL	7.6
25	San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA	7.6
26	St. George, UT	7.6
27	Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA	7.6
28	San Diego-Carlsbad, CA	7.5
29	Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ	7.5
30	Santa Fe, NM	7.4
31	Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA	7.4
32	Provo-Orem, UT	7.4
33	San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA	7.3
34	Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL	7.2
35	Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL	7.2
36	Colorado Springs, CO	7.2
37	Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA	7.1
38	Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT	7.1
39	Anchorage, AK	7.1
40	Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA	7.1
41	Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC	7.1
42	Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA	7.1
43	Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL	6.9
44	Redding, CA	6.9
45	Bremerton-Silverdale, WA	6.8
46	Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA	6.8
47	Barnstable Town, MA	6.8
48	Charleston-North Charleston, SC	6.8
49	Boise City, ID	6.7
50	Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL	6.7
51	Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL	6.6
52	Trenton, NJ	6.6
53	Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC	6.5
54	Jacksonville, FL	6.5
55	Napa, CA	6.4
56	Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV	6.4
57	Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL	6.4
58	Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX	6.4
59	Salt Lake City, UT	6.4
60	Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN	6.4
61	Ann Arbor, MI	6.4
62	Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI	6.3
63	Bloomington, IN	6.3
64	Wausau, WI	6.3
65	Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA	6.3
66	Ogden-Clearfield, UT	6.2
67	Burlington-South Burlington, VT	6.1
68	El Centro, CA	6.1
69	Albuquerque, NM	6.1
70	Worcester, MA-CT	6.1
71	Salisbury, MD-DE	6.1
72	Eau Claire, WI	6.1
73	Norwich-New London, CT	6.0
74	Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH	5.9
75	Port St. Lucie, FL	5.9
76	Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA	5.9
77	Tucson, AZ	5.9
78	San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA	5.9
79	Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA	5.8
80	Chico, CA	5.8
81	Pittsfield, MA	5.8
82	Manchester-Nashua, NH	5.8
83	Bismarck, ND	5.8
84	Vallejo-Fairfield, CA	5.8
85	Wenatchee, WA	5.7
86	Bellingham, WA	5.7
87	Modesto, CA	5.7
88	Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ	5.7
89	Ocean City, NJ	5.7
90	Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD	5.7
91	Olympia-Tumwater, WA	5.6
92	Roanoke, VA	5.6
93	Richmond, VA	5.6
94	Chattanooga, TN-GA	5.5
95	Reno, NV	5.5
96	Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI	5.5
97	Kansas City, MO-KS	5.5
98	Visalia-Porterville, CA	5.5
99	Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA	5.4
100	Salinas, CA	5.4
101	Greensboro-High Point, NC	5.4
102	San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX	5.4
103	Winston-Salem, NC	5.4
104	Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD	5.4
105	Niles-Benton Harbor, MI	5.4
106	McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX	5.3
107	Gainesville, GA	5.3
108	Michigan City-La Porte, IN	5.3
109	Ocala, FL	5.3
110	Bloomington, IL	5.3
111	New Orleans-Metairie, LA	5.2
112	Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN	5.2
113	Lewiston-Auburn, ME	5.2
114	Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA	5.2
115	Flagstaff, AZ	5.2
116	Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT	5.2
117	Greenville, NC	5.2
118	St. Louis, MO-IL	5.2
119	Iowa City, IA	5.2
120	Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC	5.1
121	Harrisonburg, VA	5.1
122	Gainesville, FL	5.1
123	Homosassa Springs, FL	5.0
124	Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX	5.0
125	Columbus, OH	5.0
126	Pittsburgh, PA	5.0
127	Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN	5.0
128	Canton-Massillon, OH	4.9
129	Lawrence, KS	4.9
130	Lincoln, NE	4.9
131	Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI	4.9
132	St. Joseph, MO-KS	4.9
133	Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI	4.9
134	Knoxville, TN	4.9
135	Oklahoma City, OK	4.9
136	Lynchburg, VA	4.9
137	Muskegon, MI	4.9
138	Sheboygan, WI	4.8
139	Grand Junction, CO	4.8
140	Yuba City, CA	4.8
141	Cleveland-Elyria, OH	4.8
142	Las Cruces, NM	4.8
143	Akron, OH	4.8
144	Lancaster, PA	4.8
145	Utica-Rome, NY	4.7
146	Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL	4.7
147	New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA	4.7
148	Florence, SC	4.7
149	Rocky Mount, NC	4.7
150	Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN	4.7
151	Rochester, NY	4.7
152	Racine, WI	4.7
153	Fayetteville, NC	4.7
154	College Station-Bryan, TX	4.7
155	Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY	4.6
156	Madera, CA	4.6
157	Monroe, MI	4.6
158	Syracuse, NY	4.6
159	San Angelo, TX	4.6
160	Champaign-Urbana, IL	4.6
161	Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC	4.6
162	Kalamazoo-Portage, MI	4.6
163	Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA	4.6
164	Rockford, IL	4.6
165	Fresno, CA	4.6
166	Reading, PA	4.5
167	Jackson, MI	4.5
168	Jefferson City, MO	4.5
169	Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV	4.5
170	Springfield, MA	4.5
171	Merced, CA	4.4
172	Providence-Warwick, RI-MA	4.4
173	Springfield, MO	4.4
174	Columbia, SC	4.4
175	Saginaw, MI	4.4
176	Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ	4.3
177	York-Hanover, PA	4.3
178	Amarillo, TX	4.2
179	Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ	4.2
180	Waco, TX	4.2
181	Topeka, KS	4.2
182	New Haven-Milford, CT	4.2
183	Tyler, TX	4.2
184	Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA	4.2
185	Elkhart-Goshen, IN	4.1
186	Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI	4.1
187	Brownsville-Harlingen, TX	4.1
188	Columbia, MO	4.1
189	Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR	4.1
190	East Stroudsburg, PA	4.1
191	Dayton, OH	4.1
192	Bangor, ME	4.1
193	Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN	4.1
194	Gadsden, AL	4.0
195	Fort Wayne, IN	4.0
196	Muncie, IN	4.0
197	Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA	4.0
198	Yakima, WA	4.0
199	Urban Honolulu, HI	4.0
200	Mobile, AL	4.0
201	Decatur, IL	3.9
202	Morgantown, WV	3.9
203	Erie, PA	3.9
204	Memphis, TN-MS-AR	3.9
205	Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO	3.9
206	Lebanon, PA	3.9
207	Stockton-Lodi, CA	3.9
208	Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC	3.8
209	Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC	3.8
210	Spartanburg, SC	3.8
211	Springfield, IL	3.7
212	Springfield, OH	3.7
213	Oshkosh-Neenah, WI	3.7
214	Birmingham-Hoover, AL	3.6
215	La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN	3.6
216	Toledo, OH	3.6
217	Lansing-East Lansing, MI	3.6
218	Huntsville, AL	3.6
219	El Paso, TX	3.6
220	Johnstown, PA	3.6
221	State College, PA	3.5
222	Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY	3.5
223	Shreveport-Bossier City, LA	3.4
224	Bakersfield, CA	3.4
225	Corpus Christi, TX	3.4
226	Charleston, WV	3.4
227	Joplin, MO	3.4
228	Goldsboro, NC	3.4
229	Baton Rouge, LA	3.3
230	Glens Falls, NY	3.3
231	Jackson, TN	3.3
232	Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX	3.2
233	Tuscaloosa, AL	3.2
234	Lima, OH	3.2
235	Dover, DE	3.2
236	Auburn-Opelika, AL	3.1
237	Wichita Falls, TX	3.1
238	Wichita, KS	3.1
239	Lafayette, LA	3.1
240	Janesville-Beloit, WI	3.1
241	Pueblo, CO	3.1
242	Montgomery, AL	3.0
243	Yuma, AZ	3.0
244	Clarksville, TN-KY	3.0
245	Laredo, TX	2.8
246	Binghamton, NY	2.8
247	Odessa, TX	2.8
248	Monroe, LA	2.8
249	Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS	2.8
250	Midland, TX	2.8
251	Lubbock, TX	2.7
252	Burlington, NC	2.7
253	Mansfield, OH	2.7
254	Jackson, MS	2.6
255	Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville, AL	2.6
256	Owensboro, KY	2.5
257	Decatur, AL	2.3
258	Kankakee, IL	2.2
259	Parkersburg-Vienna, WV	2.1
260	Houma-Thibodaux, LA	2.1

Finally, I present the fraction of workers who work from home, by occupation. Writers (#1) and Farmers (#6) are at the top of the list, while Boilermakers (#436) is at the bottom. Working on a computer doesn't explain everything. There is measurement error. Still, these statistics are informative and suggestive.

Table: Occupations by Percent reporting Working from Home, 2017 American Community Survey
Rank	Occupation	percentWFH
1	Writers and Authors	41.1
2	Travel Agents	39.2
3	Residential Advisors	34.3
4	Artists and Related Workers	31.8
5	Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	31.3
6	Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers	28.1
7	Sales Engineers	27.3
8	Photographers	26.5
9	Management Analysts	26.4
10	Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	22.8
11	Editors, News Analysts, Reporters, and Correspondents	22.1
12	Tailors, Dressmakers, and Sewers	21.3
13	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	21.2
14	Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	20.9
15	Childcare Workers	19.8
16	Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	19.7
17	Technical Writers	18.8
18	Woodworkers including model makers and patternmakers, nec	18.8
19	Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	18.3
20	Military Enlisted Tactical Operations and Air/Weapons Specialists and Crew Members	17.0
21	Proofreaders and Copy Markers	16.9
22	Designers	16.2
23	Animal Trainers	15.9
24	Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators	15.6
25	Sales Representatives, Services, All Other	14.9
26	Personal Care Aides	14.6
27	Media and Communication Workers, nec	14.6
28	Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents	14.1
29	Advertising Sales Agents	14.0
30	Other Business Operations and Management Specialists	14.0
31	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	13.7
32	Television, Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and Editors	13.7
33	Architects, Except Naval	13.6
34	Telemarketers	13.6
35	Computer Programmers	13.3
36	Etchers, Engravers, and Lithographers	13.3
37	Managers in Marketing, Advertising, and Public Relations	13.3
38	Tax Preparers	13.1
39	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	13.0
40	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing	12.9
41	Religious Workers, nec	12.5
42	Sales and Related Workers, All Other	12.4
43	Private Detectives and Investigators	12.4
44	Database Administrators	12.3
45	Social Scientists, nec	12.2
46	Actors, Producers, and Directors	12.2
47	Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts/Network systems Analysts/Web Developers	12.1
48	Insurance Underwriters	12.1
49	Chief executives and legislators/public administration	11.9
50	Other Teachers and Instructors	11.7
51	Public Relations Specialists	11.6
52	Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software	11.6
53	Computer and Information Systems Managers	11.5
54	Computer Support Specialists	11.3
55	Actuaries	11.3
56	Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	11.2
57	Mathematical science occupations, nec	11.2
58	Personal Financial Advisors	11.1
59	Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, nec	10.9
60	Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	10.8
61	Information and Record Clerks, All Other	10.4
62	Economists and market researchers	10.3
63	Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic	10.3
64	Tour and Travel Guides	10.1
65	Upholsterers	10.0
66	Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers	10.0
67	Meeting and Convention Planners	10.0
68	Legal Support Workers, nec	9.9
69	Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	9.8
70	Insurance Sales Agents	9.7
71	Models, Demonstrators, and Product Promoters	9.3
72	Managers, nec (including Postmasters)	9.2
73	Natural Science Managers	9.1
74	Clergy	9.1
75	Agricultural workers, nec	9.1
76	Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders	9.0
77	Fishing and hunting workers	8.8
78	Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	8.7
79	Environmental Scientists and Geoscientists	8.7
80	Computer Operators	8.6
81	Computer Hardware Engineers	8.6
82	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	8.5
83	Correspondent clerks and order clerks	8.4
84	Education, Training, and Library Workers, nec	8.4
85	Furniture Finishers	8.3
86	Drafters	8.2
87	Sewing Machine Operators	8.2
88	Operations Research Analysts	8.2
89	Announcers	8.2
90	Massage Therapists	8.1
91	Word Processors and Typists	8.1
92	Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	8.1
93	Social and Community Service Managers	8.0
94	Data Entry Keyers	7.9
95	Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	7.9
96	First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	7.8
97	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	7.8
98	Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists	7.8
99	Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	7.8
100	Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers	7.8
101	Small Engine Mechanics	7.6
102	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations, nec	7.6
103	Billing and Posting Clerks	7.2
104	Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians and Radio Operators	7.2
105	Accountants and Auditors	7.1
106	Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers	7.1
107	Surveyors, Cartographers, and Photogrammetrists	7.1
108	Statistical Assistants	6.8
109	Constructions Managers	6.8
110	Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	6.8
111	Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	6.7
112	Financial Examiners	6.7
113	Financial Specialists, nec	6.5
114	Credit Analysts	6.5
115	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	6.5
116	Loan Interviewers and Clerks	6.5
117	Engineers, nec	6.4
118	Financial Analysts	6.4
119	Office and administrative support workers, nec	6.4
120	Psychologists	6.4
121	Credit Counselors and Loan Officers	6.3
122	Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products	6.3
123	Brokerage Clerks	6.3
124	First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping	6.2
125	First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	6.2
126	First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	6.1
127	Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers	6.0
128	Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters	6.0
129	Electrical and Electronics Engineers	6.0
130	Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	5.9
131	Athletes, Coaches, Umpires, and Related Workers	5.9
132	Civil Engineers	5.8
133	Medical Scientists, and Life Scientists, All Other	5.8
134	Agricultural and Food Scientists	5.7
135	Atmospheric and Space Scientists	5.7
136	Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	5.7
137	Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture	5.7
138	Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	5.5
139	Physical Scientists, nec	5.4
140	Cost Estimators	5.4
141	First-Line Supervisors of Sales Workers	5.4
142	Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings workers, nec	5.4
143	Customer Service Representatives	5.3
144	Community and Social Service Specialists, nec	5.3
145	Postsecondary Teachers	5.2
146	Surveying and Mapping Technicians	5.2
147	Human Resources Managers	5.1
148	Environmental Engineers	5.1
149	Financial Managers	5.1
150	Locksmiths and Safe Repairers	5.0
151	Telephone Operators	5.0
152	File Clerks	5.0
153	Dieticians and Nutritionists	5.0
154	Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	5.0
155	Purchasing Managers	5.0
156	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	4.9
157	General and Operations Managers	4.9
158	Home Appliance Repairers	4.8
159	Urban and Regional Planners	4.7
160	Construction and Building Inspectors	4.7
161	Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	4.7
162	Medical and Health Services Managers	4.6
163	Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders	4.6
164	Counselors	4.5
165	Conservation Scientists and Foresters	4.5
166	Financial Clerks, nec	4.5
167	Office Clerks, General	4.5
168	Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers	4.4
169	Biological Scientists	4.4
170	Retail Salespersons	4.4
171	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	4.4
172	Petroleum, mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	4.3
173	Plasterers and Stucco Masons	4.3
174	Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, nec	4.3
175	Recreation and Fitness Workers	4.2
176	Bill and Account Collectors	4.2
177	Dispatchers	4.2
178	Paralegals and Legal Assistants	4.1
179	Dredge, Excavating, and Loading Machine Operators	4.0
180	Bakers	4.0
181	Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	4.0
182	Library Assistants, Clerical	4.0
183	Medical Assistants and Other Healthcare Support Occupations, nec	3.9
184	Grounds Maintenance Workers	3.9
185	Cargo and Freight Agents	3.9
186	Chemical Engineers	3.9
187	Fence Erectors	3.8
188	Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	3.8
189	Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders	3.8
190	Architectural and Engineering Managers	3.8
191	Administrative Services Managers	3.7
192	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	3.7
193	Archivists, Curators, and Museum Technicians	3.7
194	Prepress Technicians and Workers	3.7
195	Biological Technicians	3.7
196	Social Workers	3.6
197	Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	3.6
198	Procurement Clerks	3.6
199	Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	3.6
200	Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, and roustabouts, oil, gas, and mining	3.5
201	Education Administrators	3.5
202	Barbers	3.5
203	Chiropractors	3.4
204	Military, Rank Not Specified	3.4
205	Astronomers and Physicists	3.4
206	Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters	3.4
207	Veterinarians	3.4
208	Carpenters	3.4
209	Other Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3.3
210	Medical, Dental, and Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	3.3
211	Food Service and Lodging Managers	3.3
212	Funeral Service Workers and Embalmers	3.3
213	Aerospace Engineers	3.3
214	Painters, Construction and Maintenance	3.3
215	Logisticians	3.2
216	Agricultural and Food Science Technicians	3.2
217	Budget Analysts	3.2
218	Receptionists and Information Clerks	3.2
219	Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	3.2
220	Recreational Therapists	3.1
221	Industrial Production Managers	3.1
222	Electrical and electronics repairers, transportation equipment, and industrial and utility	3.1
223	Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	3.1
224	Dancers and Choreographers	3.1
225	Construction workers, nec	3.1
226	Supervisors, Protective Service Workers, All Other	3.1
227	Personal Appearance Workers, nec	3.0
228	Industrial Engineers, including Health and Safety	3.0
229	Counter and Rental Clerks	3.0
230	Meter Readers, Utilities	3.0
231	Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers	3.0
232	Glaziers	3.0
233	Health Technologists and Technicians, nec	2.9
234	Transportation Inspectors	2.9
235	Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	2.9
236	Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	2.9
237	Construction Laborers	2.9
238	Mechanical Engineers	2.9
239	Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	2.9
240	Therapists, nec	2.9
241	Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	2.8
242	Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	2.8
243	Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles	2.8
244	Materials Engineers	2.8
245	Automotive Body and Related Repairers	2.8
246	Brickmasons, Blockmasons, and Stonemasons	2.8
247	Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	2.7
248	Textile bleaching and dyeing, and cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	2.7
249	Logging Workers	2.7
250	Animal Control	2.7
251	Chemists and Materials Scientists	2.7
252	Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks	2.7
253	Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, nec	2.7
254	Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	2.6
255	Couriers and Messengers	2.6
256	Bookbinders, Printing Machine Operators, and Job Printers	2.6
257	Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	2.6
258	Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood	2.6
259	Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	2.6
260	Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers	2.6
261	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	2.6
262	Structural Iron and Steel Workers	2.5
263	Machine Feeders and Offbearers	2.5
264	Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	2.5
265	Pharmacists	2.5
266	Millwrights	2.5
267	Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers	2.5
268	Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers	2.4
269	Speech Language Pathologists	2.4
270	Forest and Conservation Workers	2.4
271	Air Traffic Controllers and Airfield Operations Specialists	2.4
272	Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	2.4
273	Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers	2.4
274	Carpet, Floor, and Tile Installers and Finishers	2.4
275	Registered Nurses	2.3
276	Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	2.3
277	Cutting Workers	2.3
278	Podiatrists	2.3
279	Material moving workers, nec	2.3
280	Physical Therapists	2.3
281	Pest Control Workers	2.3
282	Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers	2.3
283	Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers, nec	2.2
284	Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics	2.2
285	First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	2.1
286	Helpers--Production Workers	2.1
287	Gaming Managers	2.1
288	Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	2.1
289	First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	2.1
290	Food Processing, nec	2.1
291	Library Technicians	2.1
292	Physicians and Surgeons	2.1
293	Janitors and Building Cleaners	2.1
294	Audiologists	2.0
295	Roofers	2.0
296	Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping	2.0
297	Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas	2.0
298	Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters	2.0
299	Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	2.0
300	Gaming Services Workers	2.0
301	Ship and Boat Captains and Operators	2.0
302	Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	2.0
303	Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	2.0
304	Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers	2.0
305	Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	2.0
306	Crane and Tower Operators	2.0
307	Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing	2.0
308	Sailors and marine oilers, and ship engineers	1.9
309	Assemblers and Fabricators, nec	1.9
310	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	1.9
311	Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, metal and Plastic	1.9
312	Sheet Metal Workers, metal-working	1.9
313	Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	1.9
314	Electrical, Electronics, and Electromechanical Assemblers	1.9
315	Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other	1.9
316	Law enforcement workers, nec	1.9
317	Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Workers	1.8
318	Control and Valve Installers and Repairers	1.8
319	Dentists	1.8
320	Supervisors of Transportation and Material Moving Workers	1.8
321	Dishwashers	1.8
322	Painting Workers and Dyers	1.8
323	Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	1.8
324	Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	1.8
325	Food Preparation Workers	1.7
326	Secondary School Teachers	1.7
327	Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products	1.7
328	Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	1.7
329	First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers	1.7
330	Electricians	1.7
331	Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters	1.7
332	Host and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	1.7
333	Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers	1.7
334	Respiratory Therapists	1.7
335	Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians	1.6
336	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	1.6
337	Food Batchmakers	1.6
338	Food preparation and serving related workers, nec	1.6
339	Pumping Station Operators	1.6
340	Elementary and Middle School Teachers	1.6
341	Tool and Die Makers	1.6
342	Cement Masons, Concrete Finishers, and Terrazzo Workers	1.5
343	Firefighters	1.5
344	Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides	1.5
345	Teacher Assistants	1.5
346	Extraction workers, nec	1.5
347	Crossing Guards	1.5
348	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	1.4
349	Gaming Cage Workers	1.4
350	Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides	1.4
351	Special Education Teachers	1.4
352	Waiters and Waitresses	1.4
353	Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1.4
354	Military Officer Special and Tactical Operations Leaders	1.4
355	Dental Hygienists	1.4
356	Other production workers	1.4
357	Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators	1.4
358	Police Officers and Detectives	1.4
359	Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	1.4
360	Avionics Technicians	1.4
361	Parts Salespersons	1.4
362	Agricultural Inspectors	1.4
363	Tire Builders	1.4
364	Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	1.3
365	Flight Attendants and Transportation Workers and Attendants	1.3
366	Occupational Therapists	1.3
367	Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers	1.3
368	Baggage Porters, Bellhops, and Concierges	1.3
369	Opticians, Dispensing	1.3
370	Chefs and Cooks	1.3
371	Bus and Ambulance Drivers and Attendants	1.3
372	Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians	1.3
373	Machinists	1.2
374	Packers and Packagers, Hand	1.2
375	Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Metal and Plastic	1.2
376	Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	1.2
377	Stock Clerks and Order Fillers	1.2
378	First-Line Supervisors of Gaming Workers	1.2
379	Water Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators	1.2
380	Geological and Petroleum Technicians, and Nuclear Technicians	1.2
381	Chemical Processing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	1.2
382	Chemical Technicians	1.2
383	Construction equipment operators (other)	1.2
384	Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	1.2
385	Industrial and Refractory Machinery Mechanics	1.2
386	Optometrists	1.2
387	First-Line Enlisted Military Supervisors	1.2
388	Bank Tellers	1.2
389	Insulation Workers	1.1
390	First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	1.1
391	Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioner Support Technicians	1.1
392	Marine Engineers and Naval Architects	1.1
393	Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters	1.1
394	Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	1.1
395	Transportation workers, nec	1.1
396	Communications Equipment Operators, All Other	1.1
397	Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	1.1
398	Cashiers	1.1
399	Counter Attendant, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	1.1
400	Librarians	1.1
401	Bartenders	1.0
402	Highway Maintenance Workers	1.0
403	Fire Inspectors	1.0
404	Subway, Streetcar, and Other Rail Transportation Workers	1.0
405	Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	1.0
406	Computer Control Programmers and Operators	1.0
407	Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	1.0
408	Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	1.0
409	Postal Service Clerks	1.0
410	Postal Service Mail Carriers	0.9
411	Dental Assistants	0.9
412	Crushing, Grinding, Polishing, Mixing, and Blending Workers	0.9
413	Locomotive Engineers and Operators	0.9
414	Metal workers and plastic workers, nec	0.9
415	Conveyor operators and tenders, and hoist and winch operators	0.9
416	Parking Lot Attendants	0.9
417	Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Correctional Officers, and Jailers	0.8
418	Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	0.8
419	Physician Assistants	0.8
420	Maintenance Workers, Machinery	0.8
421	Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators	0.7
422	New Account Clerks	0.7
423	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.7
424	First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers	0.7
425	Helpers, Construction Trades	0.7
426	Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	0.7
427	Molders and Molding Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	0.7
428	Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	0.6
429	Mining Machine Operators	0.5
430	Radiation Therapists	0.5
431	Metal Furnace Operators, Tenders, Pourers, and Casters	0.5
432	Elevator Installers and Repairers	0.4
433	Plant and System Operators, nec	0.4
434	Power Plant Operators, Distributors, and Dispatchers	0.4
435	Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	0.3
436	Boilermakers	0.0
437	Riggers	0.0
438	Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers	0.0
439	Engine and Other Machine Assemblers	0.0
440	Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders	0.0

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